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DEVELOPMENT OF A UTME (JAMB) REGISTRATION ADVISORY SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT OF A UTME(JAMB) REGISTRATION ADVISORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER ONE
1.1
INTRODUCTION
The prevalent use of advisory systems in diverse business is
boosting the productivity of such businesses endeavors. The advisory systems
guide the users on the optimal steps to accomplish a task so as to have an
optimal result. This is achieved through the use of some sort of smart
algorithm (either an optimization algorithm or a knowledge-based expert system)
to evaluate the parameters and generate a suggested plan of action for
human operators to implement or it is automatically implemented by the system
if allowed to do so. There are many examples of such systems in use today.
Therefore, the purpose of an advisory system is to mitigate
errors on the part of the user and to improve productivity through accurate and
optimal activities carried out. Advisory systems may guide users through an
interactive approach, where the user is allowed by the system to “adjust
criteria being used by the automation and then have the automation re-generate
a solution using the new criteria.” Or the system may employ a less/partial
interactive approach, where the criteria are not the issue (Guerlain S. 2002);
The user does not need to change the criteria, thus when such changes are
required, all intangibles need are to be considered, and the system is
redesigned and implemented. That is, designing a system for usability goes in a
cycle, design – evaluate – redesign, as an iterative user-centered design
procedure (Melissa R. Ho, Andy Dearden, and Matthew Kam, 2009).
This project work titled Development of Unified Tertiary Matriculation
Examination Registration (UTME) Advisory System is an evaluation of the present
Electronic Registration Portal (system) administered by the UTME Board, and
design of an add-on for the existing system. This add-on, being the focus of
this project work employs the partial-interactive approach of user-centered
design to help guide candidates during a registration process; this is because
the requirements for a given course cannot be determined by the candidate and
thus, he/she cannot change the criteria. The focus in the existing system was
just on the registration process, where the candidate supplies personal
information, passport, and chooses courses and institutions of their choice,
not much attention was given to how the candidates chooses a course in terms of
meeting the requirements. Because all the requirement that the candidates need
is in the hard copy of the (UTME) brochure. Therefore, this project considers
the incorporation of brochure into the system to advice candidates during the registration
process.
1.2
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
John Dewey once said “Education is the liberation of mankind
from the sea of ignorance.” Education (Learning) is at the heart of every
nation that has consideration for the future generations since it forms the
basis for any technological growth (Zachariah B., 2012). Nigerians realized the
importance of education in nation building and legally takes it at the higher
degree. This is proven in the establishment of seven Federal Universities in
Nigeria by 1974; that was fourteen years after independence. To run these
universities effectively, through effective way of admitting students to study
in the tertiary institution of their choice; there was the need to establish a
regulatory body, and the result was the establishment of an examination board
called Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB). The board was charged
with the responsibility of among other things to control the matriculation
examination for admissions into all universities, polytechnics and colleges of
education in Nigeria (Alice D., 2008). This of course is a huge and complex
task that would require a lot of effort but thanks to information technology.
The invention of computers and subsequently computer networks
with continuous research to make them perform better has a great impact on the
world in general. Though some people are of the opinion that computers affect
the world negatively, arguing that computers may allow people to pirate data
for misuse. This is of course true; but we also must not forget the positive
impact ability to carry out complex tasks accurately and speedily (Mohan,2010).
When we are saddled with such tasks that are complex, we quickly hand them over
to the computers and wait to be provide with the desired results.
One of such complex tasks is the need to register and conduct
examinations for candidates seeking admission into tertiary institutions of
their choice by the JAMB. This
responsibility soon became too tasking and the need to employ computers became
necessary for effectiveness. Therefore, the manual process of examination
registration had to be automated to cushion challenges faced by the Examination
Board.
JAMB was established in 1977 by the Federal Military
Government of Nigeria to serve as Nigeria’s official entrance examination board
for candidates seeking admission to all Universities in the country. Before
then, the existing federal universities in the country (numbering seven by
1974) conducted their own ‘concessional’ entrance examinations and admitted
students. This system of admission was observed by the government as having
limitations and quite often, it wasted a lot of resources in the process of
administering the examination especially on the part of the candidates; this is
against the policy of any nation seeking growth. The Committee of
Vice-Chancellors felt concerned about the general untidiness in the
uncoordinated system of admissions into the nation’s universities. The problem of admission into the
universities became more acute with the establishment of additional six
universities in 1976 by the Federal military government, under the leadership
of General Olusegun Obasanjo. According
to the Board History, JAMB has made the government to set up a national
committee on Universities entrance under the Chairmanship of Mr. M. S.
Angulu. The result was the establishment
of JAMB in 1977.
The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board according to
Decree No 2 of 1978 (amended by Section 5 of Decree 33 of 1989) has the
following functions:
Ø To control the
matriculation examination for admissions into all universities, polytechnics
and colleges of education in Nigeria.
Ø To appoint
examiners, moderators, invigilators, members of the subject panels and
committees and other persons with respect to Matriculation Examinations and any
other matters incidental thereto or connected therewith;
Ø To place suitably
qualified candidates in the tertiary institutions;
To effectively discharge this responsibility, the examination
board was guided by a number of conditions to determine the suitability of a
candidate for a given institution. Therefore, JAMB takes the following conditions
into account before placing candidates into the tertiary institutions
Ø vacancy available
in each tertiary institution;
Ø The guidelines
approved for each tertiary institution by its proprietors or other competent
authorities;
Ø The preference
expressed or indicated by the candidates for institutions and courses; and
Ø Other matters as
the Board may be directed by the Honorable Minister to consider or which the
Board itself may consider appropriate in the circumstance.
Additionally, JAMB also undertakes the following duties:
Ø Conducts the
Universities Matriculation Examination (UME) and sends the results to
Universities chosen by the candidates, so that each university selects and
recommends candidates to JAMB for admission.
Ø Allows each
university to conduct tests/interview termed screening for candidates (since .
. .) before selecting those to recommend;
Ø Conduct similarly,
entrance examination for candidate applying to Polytechnics and Colleges of
Education;
Ø Admits qualified
candidates by Direct Entry to Universities that recommend them;
Ø Allows these
institutions that operate Remedial Programs to admit successful candidates, but
announced in 2007 that it was cancelling such from 2008.
The Board also collates and disseminates information on all
matters relating to admissions into tertiary institutions which is relevant to
the discharge of its functions. It also
carries out activities that are necessary for the discharge of all or any of
the functions conferred on it by the decree establishing it. The Board consists
of eight key departments which carry out its day-to-day operations. The departments are:
Office of the Registrar
The office is headed by the Chief Executive who is appointed
by the President, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, on the recommendation
of the Ministry of Education. The
Registrar is responsible for the execution of policy of the Board and the
day-to-day running of the affairs of the Board.
The Registrar shall hold office in the first instance for a
period of five years and shall be eligible for reappointment for such periods
as the president may, from time to time determine.
National Business & Technical Examination Board (NABTEC)
There was an evolutionary process spanning a period of 15
years from 1977 to 1992 in which four Government Commissions were set up at
different times by the Federal Government of Nigeria to review the place and
structure of Public examinations in the Nigerian Educational System.
Each of these commissions justified the multiplicity of
examination bodies, and advocated for a separate body to perform the functions
of conducting examination for students offering Business and Technical
subjects. The first Commission was the
Justice Sogbetun Commission of Enquiry of 1978, set up in response to public
outcry on perceived inefficiency and unchecked leakages of public examinations. The second commission was the Angulu
Commission which was set up as a result of WAEC’s presentation to the House of
Representative Committee on Education in 1981 in which WAEC advocated for the
setting up of other Examination Boards in Nigeria “to reduce the burden of
WAEC”. The third, was the Okoro Panel set up in 1989 to review the Angulu
Report and the Fourth was the Professor Akin Osiyale’s Task Force set up in
1991 “to evolve a strategy to reduce the burden of WAEC and bring about greater
efficiency in the conduct of public examinations”.
The National Business and Technical Examinations Board
(NABTEB) was thus established in 1992 to domesticate Craft level examinations
which were hitherto conducted by City & Guilds, Pitmans, and Royal Society
of Arts all of U.K in accordance with the provisions of the National Policy on
Education.
The Board, under Decree 70 of 1993, and other examinations
bodies were established. Since its
establishment, many findings have supported its existence whether directly or
indirectly. Some of these are the
findings of the Etsu Nupe Panel (1977). The Shonekan Vision 2010 (1979) Report,
and the harmonized Report of the Estu Nupe Panel and Vision 2010 reports.
(Adesina, 2005)
The NABTEB was established in order to:
i. Effectively conduct Technical and
Business Examinations;
ii. Issue reliable and valid
results/certificates with a view to meeting the needs of candidates who wish to
use them for both academic progress and employment.
The Board has eight departments and each of the departments
is headed by a director. The departments
include;
a.
Administration;
b.
Finance and Accounts;
c.
Computer;
d.
Monitoring, Research and Statistics;
e.
Personnel Management
f.
Test Administration
g. Test
Development and
h.
Registrar’s Office
Administration Department
Itis responsible for the general administration and the
provision/maintenance of essential services and facilities of the Board. It
provides secretariat for Management and the Governing Board. It implements the decision of the Governing
Board; enforces strict compliance with the Boards policies and manages and
maintain essential services.
Finance and Accounts Department
It carries out financial activities assigned to it by the
board and does all other financial activities like disbursement of funds,
preparing the Board’s Financial Statements, keep from up-to-date financial
records and, accounts for pension scheme, payment of wages and salaries to the
Board’s staff and controls the Board’s Revenue and Expenditure.
Computer Department
Itis charged with the responsibilities of processing all
examinations conducted by NABTEB; make results of Examinations available at the
appropriate time; attend to complaints and queries arising from the
examinations and manage the NABTEB corporate Website and on-line Result Checking
System.
Monitoring, Research and Statistics Department
This Department is charged with the responsibility of
monitoring all the field operations of the Board. In addition, it conducts relevant research
works for the purpose of moving the Board forward. The department publishes research output,
journals, papers and annual reports. It
organizes conferences, seminars and workshops. This department provides
secretariat for meetings of the Joint Consultative Council on Education (JCCE)
and the National Council on Education (NCE).
It establishes quality assurance for all the Board’s field activities at
all times and disseminates qualitative and quantitative information for quality
improvement of the Boards plan and polices.
Test and Administration Department
This department plans for effective and hitch-free administration
of the Board’s examinations; it processes entry documents, implements
management decisions as regards to the administration of the Board’s
examinations. It packages examination
materials for the centers, It conducts the Board’s Certificate and National
Commission Entrance examinations and also inspects prospective examination
centres.
Test Development Department
This department is charged with the responsibility of
developing test items for NABTEB examinations through the following means;
i.
Pooling together of resources of internal and external professionals in
various trades/subjects.
ii.
Utilizing the most modern technique in the construction and development
of valid, reliable, practicable, credible and secured test items for NABTEB
examinations.
The department also provides consultancy services to other
organizations in areas of aptitude tests; Vocational Inventory Tests;
Industrial Recruitment Aptitude Tests; Industrial establishment feasibility studies
and commercial enterprises recruitment interviews.
The department also provides Technical and Vocational
Training Services including technical facilities, equipment space allocation
and planning.
Registrar’s Office
This Department does general administrative work. It coordinates services with the parent
ministry and other agencies.
-
It deals with examination policy matters.
-
It audits the accounts of the Board.
-
It produces vital examination materials.
-
It issues statements of results and certificates to candidates.
-
It attends to legal matters concerning the Board and its activities, it
publicizes the activities of the Board and acts as a link between the Board and
the Public.
-
It responds to complaints from the candidates.
-
It ensures due process in the procurement of goods and services.
-
It is clearing centre as well as a liaison office.
NABTEB has its National Headquarters at Ikpoba Hill, Benin
City, Edo State, Professor David Awanbor had been the Registrar/Chief Executive
of the National Business and Technical Examinations Board (NABTEB) since July
2002 (Alice D., 2008). The present Regestrar/chief Executive of (NABTEB) is Dr
Olatunde Aworanti.
Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board in its quest to
discharge its responsibility devised a registration procedure which was manual.
The candidates will have to buy the form and fill the form manually and then
submit back to the board. This manual process became too tedious and thus the
board adopted the electronic registration process which has made the task
handy.
User-centered design demands that systems present information
in such a way that it is easily understood and unambiguous since every product
that is used by someone has a user experience. That is, the way people feel
about the design and their pleasure and satisfaction when using it, looking at
it, holding it, and opening or closing it (Garrett, 2003).
The JAMB electronic registration portal has been designed to
a high standard such that it meets these demands to a certain level; but then
the knowledge of interactive design also makes us understand that systems must
evolve over time to meet new requirements and for better user experience.
Therefore, this project work is an attempt, to make better the JAMB electronic
registration portal.
Though the present JAMB electronic registration portal has
made life easy for both candidates and the board, some issues have been
uncovered relating to usability and satisfaction of the candidates.
1.3 PROBLEM
STATEMENT
During online registration by prospective candidates on the
JAMB electronic portal, it is observed that the portal allows for selection of
Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) subjects, as it displays all
subjects that any candidate applying for any course can choose from. That is,
somebody registering for a Science course will also have subjects from the Arts
as well as Social Science subjects displayed for him/she to choose (just four
or three other subjects) in order to sit for the examination. This often allows
candidate to choose the wrong subjects combination for their chosen course of
study. For example, somebody who wants to register for Computer Science will
have subjects like Accounting, Commerce, etc from the social science; and Literature
in English, Arabic, etc from the Arts; all displayed for him/she to choose
from. This of course is part of the reason why such candidates make mistake in
choosing subjects that do not meet the course requirements of the institution
of their choice. Therefore, the candidate is left to bear the consequences of
not taking time to study the brochure before registering. One of such
consequences is that the candidate may be denied admission not because he/she
did not pass the examination but because he did not make the right subject
combination. Example, our prospective computer science student may not like
Mathematics and/or Physics and because there are other subjects like Geography,
Economics, Chemistry, etc; he/she chooses Mathematics, Biology, and Economics
without Physics. Such a prospective student of course will be denied admission.
Sure, the whole blame should not be on the candidate because
other challenges like poverty could be result of the fact that they actually
purchase the JAMB registration card very late and are eager to register before
the closing date; other factors may also contribute to this challenge.
After observing this problem, this project work proposes a
different approach to mitigate the chances of making such mistakes by presenting
the candidate with only those subjects relevant to the chosen course of study.
1.4 MOTIVATION
What inspired this project work was the benefit of the
internet (networking), web portal development and the concepts underlying the
technologies. I have the optimism that the project will afford me the chance to
learn and have the better understanding of internet and web portal development.
The modern developments and technological innovations
sky-rocketing the world has handle communication throughout the world. It has
enhance the opportunity to having access to information, sharing and management
of the resources; and also introduces research in various institutions and other research
centers. Therefore, this project work takes advantage of these capabilities so
as to improve the rate at which UTME candidates gain admissions into tertiary
institutions by helping them minimize the chances of making mistakes.
1.5 AIM AND
OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The main objective of this project work is to propose the
incorporation of new approach to how UTME subjects are displayed to the
candidate on the UTME electronic registration portal so as to reduce the
chances of mistakes (selecting subjects that are not required by their proposed
course of study) on the part of the candidates during registration.
Therefore, the project aims at:
Ø Designing web
pages on the portal for the administrator to allow for addition of courses
alongside their requirements, necessary UTME subjects, other UTME subjects (in
cases where the candidate may have to choose from the list that is required as
it is often stated in the brochure: “and …in Science | Social Science | Art
subjects”, and the direct entry remark for that for the institution.
Ø Redesigning a web
page of the portal which as usual allows candidates to register institutions
and courses of their choice. When a candidate chooses an institution, the list
of courses offered in that institution are displayed, when he/she select a
course of study then the University Matriculation Examination requirement for
such a course is displayed alongside the direct entry remark for that
institution and course.
Ø Designing a web
page on the portal that displays the necessary UTME subjects as registered as
well as restricting modifications (deselecting) of such necessary UTME
subjects; and other UTME subjects if the necessary UTME subjects are not up to
the four required subjects.
Ø Designing other
web pages to help demonstrate the proposed add-on on the portal.
1.6 THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Most of the prospective candidates of the tertiary
institutions are becoming frustrated for the fact that securing admission into
their interested institutions to study the courses they have passion for is
becoming more and more challenging. This is not necessarily because they are
not brilliant, they often pass the UTME minimum required point; the problem is
not also from the institutions, neither is the problem from JAMB – UTME itself.
The problem is often on the part of the candidates that makes the wrong choice
of UTME subject for their chosen course of study. They must not be allowed to
continually make same mistake since most of them often do not learn from such;
and when they become too frustrated, some often give-up their passion for
schooling which does not only affect them but also the nation and the world at
large.
This project work is very significant since reducing the
chances of such mistakes implies the improvement of the chances of candidates
securing admission which has direct positive impact on the nation and the world
at large. Therefore, this project work is dedicated to seeing how such
implementations can be achieved.
1.7 SCOPE AND
LIMITATIONS
This project work involves the design of web pages (web
application programming) using Hypertext Processor (PHP), Javascript, Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML), and Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) to facilitate UTME
registration process while reducing the chances of error on the part of
candidates during registration. It is not meant to replace the existing UTME
electronic registration portal but to illustrate how the existing one can be
modified to help the candidates and the nation at large.
This project work tries to design web pages that have the
look and feel of the existing portal but concentrates more on achieving its set
objectives. Therefore, it is not a full implementation of the UTME registration
portal but a subset to illustrate how the modifications can be done to help the
candidates during registration.
This project work simulated significant web pages of the
standard UTME registration portal but does not incorporate the use of
biometrics as provided by the standard UTME portal. The web pages developed
were tested on a local host WAMP Server using Mozilla Firefox and have been
found to work correctly as intended.
1.8 STRUCTURE OF
PROJECT
This project work consists of five chapters that proceeds as
follows:
Ø Chapter one
provides the introduction/background of study, problem statement, aims and
objectives, significance of study and scope and limitations.
Ø Chapter two
provides literature review and related work on web portals and human computer
interface concepts.
Ø Chapter three
provides the
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